{ "id": 6669, "date": "2025-11-17T15:24:36", "date_gmt": "2025-11-17T15:24:36", "guid": { "rendered": "https:\/\/detralytics.com\/?p=6669" }, "modified": "2026-08-21T13:30:10", "modified_gmt": "2026-08-21T13:30:10", "slug": "fairness-in-insurance-pricing-from-proxy-discrimination-to-demographic-parity", "status": "publish", "type": "post", "link": "https:\/\/detralytics.com\/en\/publication\/fairness-in-insurance-pricing-from-proxy-discrimination-to-demographic-parity\/", "title": { "rendered": "Fairness in insurance pricing: From proxy discrimination to demographic parity" }, "content": { "rendered": "
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Fairness in insurance pricing : from prroxy discrimination to demographic parity<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Detra Note 2025-5<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Abstract<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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This note investigates fairness in insurance pricing, focusing on two complementary notions: proxy discrimination and demographic parity. Proxy discrimination arises when apparently neutral risk factors encode information about protected attributes, leading to indirect and often unintended discrimination. Demographic parity, by contrast, is a group fairness criterion requiring the distribution of premiums to be independent of protected characteristics. We discuss the conceptual differences between these two approaches. Building on recent contributions of Simon, Denuit and Tru\ufb01n (2025), we then describe tree-based methods (the DPTree and its ensemble extension, the DPForest) that embed demographic parity constraints directly into predictive models. These methods demonstrate how fairness requirements can be operationalised transparently within standard actuarial tools, while also illustrating the inherent trade-offs between accuracy and fairness.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Keywords: <\/span><\/strong>Insurance pricing; fairness; proxy discrimination; demographic parity; tree-based methods.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Sector: <\/b>Insurance<\/p>\n

<\/b>Expertise: <\/b>Pricing<\/p>\n

Authors: <\/b>Michel Denuit, Thomas Hames & Julien Trufin<\/p>\n

Publisher:<\/b> Detralytics<\/p>\n

Date:<\/b> November 2025<\/p>\n

Language:<\/b> English<\/p>\n

Pages:<\/b> 25<\/p>\n

Reference :<\/b> Detra Note 2025-5<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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About the authors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Michel\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Michel Denuit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Michel is a Scientific Advisor at Detralytics, as well as a professor in actuarial science at the Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain. He has international experience as a visiting professor, and has promoted many projects in collaboration with the industry. At Detralytics, Michel coaches young talents, provides cutting-edge training, fosters innovation and oversees R&D projects.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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Thomas Hames<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Since joining Detralytics in 2019, Thomas has primarily worked on pricing and reserving topics in P&C retail Auto and Non-Life, combining classical methods with ML-based approaches.<\/p>\n

Additionally, internally, Thomas is involved in the technical and commercial development of our micro-reserving package and ensures the monitoring and supervision of projects emerging within our Innovation Lab.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"Julien\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
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Julien Trufin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Julien is a Scientific Advisor at Detralytics, as well as a professor in Actuarial Science at the department of mathematics of the Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles. Julien has experience as a consultant and a strong academic background developed at prominent institutions, including Universit\u00e9 Laval (Canada), UCL, and ULB (Belgium). At Detralytics, Julien coaches young talents, provide cutting-edge training, fosters innovation and oversees R&D projects.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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This note investigates fairness in insurance pricing, focusing on two complementary notions: proxy discrimination and demographic parity.<\/p>", "protected": false }, "author": 1, "featured_media": 6670, "comment_status": "closed", "ping_status": "closed", "sticky": false, "template": "", "format": "standard", "meta": { "footnotes": "" }, "categories": [ 133 ], "tags": [], "class_list": [ "post-6669", "post", "type-post", "status-publish", "format-standard", "has-post-thumbnail", "hentry", "category-publication" ], "yoast_head": "\nDetra Note : Fairness in insurance pricing<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This note investigates fairness in insurance pricing, focusing on two complementary notions: proxy discrimination and demographic parity.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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