{"id":4197,"date":"2020-11-15T16:04:49","date_gmt":"2020-11-15T16:04:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/?p=4197"},"modified":"2026-06-22T14:49:52","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T14:49:52","slug":"features-with-flat-partial-dependence-plots-up-to-a-certain-level-not-important","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/en\/publications\/features-with-flat-partial-dependence-plots-up-to-a-certain-level-not-important\/","title":{"rendered":"Features with flat partial dependence plots up to a certain level: not important?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"4197\" class=\"elementor elementor-4197\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9999c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"e9999c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;tilt&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M0,6V0h1000v100L0,6z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-321f18c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"321f18c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Features with flat partial dependence plots up to a certain level: not important?<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4e5bad elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b4e5bad\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">DetraNote 2020-4<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87f3931 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87f3931\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9aa7e1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9aa7e1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67f934f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"67f934f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Faqctuary_2020-02_Features-with-flat-partial-dependence-plots.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"283\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Faqctuary_2020-4-cover-A4-283x400.jpg\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-1971\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Faqctuary_2020-4-cover-A4-283x400.jpg 283w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Faqctuary_2020-4-cover-A4-724x1024.jpg 724w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Faqctuary_2020-4-cover-A4-768x1086.jpg 768w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Faqctuary_2020-4-cover-A4-1086x1536.jpg 1086w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Faqctuary_2020-4-cover-A4-1448x2048.jpg 1448w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Faqctuary_2020-4-cover-A4-103x146.jpg 103w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Faqctuary_2020-4-cover-A4-35x50.jpg 35w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Faqctuary_2020-4-cover-A4-53x75.jpg 53w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Faqctuary_2020-4-cover-A4-scaled.jpg 1810w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 283px) 100vw, 283px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-420ffe4 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"420ffe4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Faqctuary_2020-02_Features-with-flat-partial-dependence-plots.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-arrow-alt-circle-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm0 448c-110.5 0-200-89.5-200-200S145.5 56 256 56s200 89.5 200 200-89.5 200-200 200zm-32-316v116h-67c-10.7 0-16 12.9-8.5 20.5l99 99c4.7 4.7 12.3 4.7 17 0l99-99c7.6-7.6 2.2-20.5-8.5-20.5h-67V140c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e62cc6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e62cc6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc5d00b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc5d00b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Abstract<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1e1dc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1e1dc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThis paper focuses on partial dependence plots which are often used when modeling with machine learning techniques in order to better understand the effects of the features on the conditional expectation of the response variable. However, these plots must be interpreted with caution. Indeed, they can easily lead to wrong interpretations in case the analyst is not enough familiar with these plots. As noticed in a previous FAQctuary, a typical situation is the case where a feature is important because of its interactions with others while its partial dependence plot is flat. In this FAQctuary, we go one step further and we consider a very simple example with a three-way interaction effect and we show that only looking at partial dependence plots for each feature and for two features may indeed lead the analyst to wrong conclusions.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f29719 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0f29719\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2952de9 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2952de9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Sector: <\/b>Insurance<\/p>\n<p><b><\/b><b>Expertise: <\/b>Machine learning<\/p>\n<p><b>Authors:<\/b> Elke Gagelmans,<\/p>\n<p>Michel Denuit and Julien Trufin<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><b>Publisher:<\/b> Detralytics<\/p>\n<p><b>Date:<\/b> November 2020<\/p>\n<p><b>Language:<\/b> English<\/p>\n<p><b>Pages:<\/b> 5<\/p>\n<p><b>Reference :<\/b> FAQctuary 2020-2<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6ae38d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c6ae38d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c05c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a1c05c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f183faa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f183faa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About the authors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c89af86 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c89af86\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c7e38e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9c7e38e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad734df elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ad734df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"782\" height=\"782\" src=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Elke-Gagelmans.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4368\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Elke-Gagelmans.png 782w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Elke-Gagelmans-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-add1a93 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"add1a93\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b8cde1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0b8cde1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Elke Gagelmans<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21b6410 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21b6410\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Elke Gagelmans is currently an Actuary at KBC Bank &amp; Verzekering. Elke Gagelmans brings experience from previous roles at Detralytics, Slaagsleutels and EY. Elke Gagelmans holds a 2018 &#8211; 2019 Master&#8217;s degree in actuarial and financial engineering @ KU Leuven.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-181d671 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"181d671\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0423b6c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0423b6c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86c5f93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"86c5f93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"501\" src=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-2059\" alt=\"Michel Denuit\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond.png 500w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond-400x400.png 400w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond-100x100.png 100w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond-250x250.png 250w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond-320x320.png 320w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond-146x146.png 146w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond-50x50.png 50w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond-75x75.png 75w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond-85x85.png 85w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Michel_Rond-80x80.png 80w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae41985 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ae41985\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-889bb74 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"889bb74\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Michel Denuit<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb964b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb964b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Michel is a Scientific Advisor at Detralytics, as well as a professor in actuarial science at the Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain. He has international experience as a visiting professor, and has promoted many projects in collaboration with the industry. At Detralytics, Michel coaches young talents, provides cutting-edge training, fosters innovation and oversees R&amp;D projects.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7e2e74 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d7e2e74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b0d642 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b0d642\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6cf3fde elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6cf3fde\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Julien.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-5905\" alt=\"Julien\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8056b74 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8056b74\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8aab50c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8aab50c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Julien Trufin<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37ccee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"37ccee7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Julien is a Scientific Advisor at Detralytics, as well as a professor in Actuarial Science at the department of mathematics of the Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles. Julien has experience as a consultant and a strong academic background developed at prominent institutions, including Universit\u00e9 Laval (Canada), UCL, and ULB (Belgium). 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