{"id":3777,"date":"2023-09-21T13:15:46","date_gmt":"2023-09-21T13:15:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/?p=3777"},"modified":"2026-06-22T14:33:22","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T14:33:22","slug":"distill-knowledge-of-additive-tree-models-into-generalized-linear-models","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/en\/publications\/distill-knowledge-of-additive-tree-models-into-generalized-linear-models\/","title":{"rendered":"Distill knowledge of additive tree models into generalized linear models"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3777\" class=\"elementor elementor-3777\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0862a64 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0862a64\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;shape_divider_bottom&quot;:&quot;tilt&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shape elementor-shape-bottom\" aria-hidden=\"true\" data-negative=\"false\">\n\t\t\t<svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 100\" preserveAspectRatio=\"none\">\n\t<path class=\"elementor-shape-fill\" d=\"M0,6V0h1000v100L0,6z\"\/>\n<\/svg>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2535a31 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2535a31\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Distill knowledge of additive tree models into generalized linear models<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b906664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b906664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">DetraNote 2023-6<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87f3931 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"87f3931\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9aa7e1d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9aa7e1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67f934f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"67f934f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Detra-Note_Additive-tree-ensembles.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"763\" height=\"1080\" src=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Miniature_Distill-knowledge-of-additive-tree-models-into-generalized-linear-models-763x1080.png\" class=\"elementor-animation-grow attachment-large size-large wp-image-4253\" alt=\"Distill knowledge of additive tree models into generalized linear models\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Miniature_Distill-knowledge-of-additive-tree-models-into-generalized-linear-models-763x1080.png 763w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Miniature_Distill-knowledge-of-additive-tree-models-into-generalized-linear-models-768x1088.png 768w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Miniature_Distill-knowledge-of-additive-tree-models-into-generalized-linear-models.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 763px) 100vw, 763px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-420ffe4 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"420ffe4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/Detra-Note_Additive-tree-ensembles.pdf\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-arrow-alt-circle-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm0 448c-110.5 0-200-89.5-200-200S145.5 56 256 56s200 89.5 200 200-89.5 200-200 200zm-32-316v116h-67c-10.7 0-16 12.9-8.5 20.5l99 99c4.7 4.7 12.3 4.7 17 0l99-99c7.6-7.6 2.2-20.5-8.5-20.5h-67V140c0-6.6-5.4-12-12-12h-40c-6.6 0-12 5.4-12 12z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Download<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e62cc6 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2e62cc6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fc5d00b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fc5d00b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Abstract<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1e1dc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1e1dc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Generalized additive models (GAMs) are a leading model class for interpretable machine learning. GAMs were originally trained using smoothing splines. Recently, tree-based GAMs where shape functions are gradient-boosted ensembles of bagged trees were proposed (e.g. Explainable Boosting Machine). In this paper, we introduce a competing three-step GAM learning approach where we combine i) the knowledge of the way to split the covariates space brought by an Additive tree model (ATM), ii) an ensemble of predictive linear scores derived from Generalized linear models (GLMs) using a binning strategy based on the ATM, iii) a final GLM to have a prediction model that ensures auto-calibration. Numerical experiments illustrate the very good performances of our approach on several datasets compared to GAM with splines, EBM or GLM with binarsity penalization. A case-study in trade credit insurance is also provided.<\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #097566;\">Keywords: <\/span><\/strong>Additive tree ensembles, Auto-calibration, Generalized additive models, Generalized linear models, Partitioning methods, XAI.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f29719 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0f29719\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;gradient&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2952de9 elementor-widget__width-inherit elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2952de9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b>Sector: <\/b>Insurance<br \/><b>Expertise: <\/b>Machine learning<br \/><b><\/b><b>Authors:<\/b> Arthur Maillart,<br \/>Christian Y. Robert<br \/><b><\/b><\/p><p><b>Publisher:<\/b> Detralytics<br \/><b>Date:<\/b> September 2023<br \/><b>Language:<\/b> English<br \/><b>Pages:<\/b> 22<br \/><b>Reference :<\/b> Detra Note 2023-6<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6ae38d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c6ae38d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1c05c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"a1c05c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f183faa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f183faa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About the authors<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53f26ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"53f26ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45ca7dd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"45ca7dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d43f55d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d43f55d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Rond_Arthur.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-3780\" alt=\"Rond_Arthur\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Rond_Arthur.jpg 1042w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Rond_Arthur-768x768.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0de6fc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0de6fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-224cb75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"224cb75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Arthur Maillart<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58dff6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"58dff6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-78ef7889aeda961d090d40abcdcd93e3\">Arthur is a Senior Expert and Innovation Lead at Detralytics. Detralytics\u2019 Innovation Lab supports innovation of the insurance market players and contributes to actuarial science by co-constructing cutting-edge projects with other entities, organising training courses and sharing our knowledge through our publications and open source tools.<\/p><p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-9518ab1301f2e1ba6a40657690dd6793\">Since becoming a PhD in 2021, his missions naturally focus on non-life insurance and machine learning, for which he continues to develop his skills in Python, Git &amp; Linux. Over the past two years, he has built a complete monthly payment calculation tool for a mortgage broker and a credit insurance pricing tool.\u200b<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b455dd6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b455dd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-826b55c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"826b55c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4936f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a4936f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"782\" height=\"782\" src=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Christian_rond.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-4257\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Christian_rond.png 782w, https:\/\/detralytics.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/Christian_rond-768x768.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-888af75 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"888af75\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b42de73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b42de73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Christian Y. Robert<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c03f01f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c03f01f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-035ef09b0166215eefc8d715235c0abf\">Christian is the Director of ISFA in Lyon (FR) and a professor in Actuarial Science &amp; Statistics. He has experience as the Research Director of the Laboratory of Finance and Actuarial Science at ISFA (Lyon).<\/p><p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-5f6029e2ba57dd290180554cbeec9039\">Christian is an Honorary Member of the Institut des Actuaires (Paris). He has published more than 50 scientific papers.<\/p><p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-68b15511a4fcf8520607bb090aa70025\">At Detralytics, Christian coaches young talents, provides cutting-edge training, fosters innovation and oversees R&amp;D projects.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-596ee94 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"596ee94\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c904dcd elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c904dcd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/detralytics.com\/en\/publications\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-arrow-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M257.5 445.1l-22.2 22.2c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0L7 273c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L201.4 44.7c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l22.2 22.2c9.5 9.5 9.3 25-.4 34.3L136.6 216H424c13.3 0 24 10.7 24 24v32c0 13.3-10.7 24-24 24H136.6l120.5 114.8c9.8 9.3 10 24.8.4 34.3z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">All Publications<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Generalized additive models (GAMs) are a leading model class for interpretable machine learning. GAMs were originally trained using smoothing splines.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4253,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[135,133],"tags":[131],"class_list":["post-3777","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-135","category-publications","tag-detranote"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Detra Note : additive tree models into generalized linear models<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Generalized additive models are a leading model class for interpretable machine learning. 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